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Table 1 Characteristics of pulmonary embolism patients

From: External validation of prognostic rules for early post-pulmonary embolism mortality: assessment of a claims-based and three clinical-based approaches

Characteristic

Total Cohorta

IMPACT Low-Risk,

IMPACT Higher-Risk

PESI Low-Risk,

PESI Higher-Risk,

sPESI Low-Risk,

sPESI Higher-Risk

Hestia Low-Risk,

Hestia Higher-Risk,

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

N = 807

N = 230

N = 577

N = 309

N = 498

N = 250

N = 557

N = 211

N = 596

Age (years, mean ± SD)

64.1 ± 16.47

46.4 ± 11.36

71.2 ± 12.38

51.9 ± 14.39

71.6 ± 12.76

56.3 ± 14.49

67.6 ± 16.12

59.9 ± 17.10

65.6 ± 16.00

  > 80 years

145 (18.0)

0 (0)

145 (25.1)

9 (2.9)

136 (27.3)

0 (0)

145 (26.0)

27 (12.8)

118 (19.7)

Male gender

372 (46.1)

114 (49.6)

258 (44.7)

135 (43.7)

237 (47.6)

140 (56.0)

232 (41.7)

99 (46.9)

273 (45.8)

Cancer

254 (31.5)

18 (7.8)

236 (40.9)

15 (4.9)

239 (48.0)

0 (0)

254 (45.5)

51 (24.2)

203 (34.1)

Cancer (ICD-9-CM)

154 (19.1)

0 (0)

154 (26.7)

10 (3.2)

144 (28.9)

3 (1.2)

151 (27.1)

25 (11.8)

129 (21.6)

Chronic cardiopulmonary disease

230 (28.5)

29 (12.6)

201 (34.3)

42 (13.6)

188 (37.8)

0 (0)

230 (41.3)

37 (17.5)

193 (32.4)

 Chronic lung disease

198 (24.5)

27 (11.7)

171 (29.6)

40 (12.9)

158 (31.7)

0 (0)

198 (35.5)

34 (16.1)

164 (27.5)

 Chronic lung disease (ICD-9-CM)

224 (27.8)

22 (9.6)

202 (35.0)

47 (15.2)

177 (35.5)

7 (2.8)

217 (39.0)

36 (17.1)

188 (31.5)

 Heart failure

62 (7.7)

2 (0.9)

60 (10.3)

3 (1.0)

59 (11.8)

0 (0)

62 (11.1)

4 (1.9)

58 (9.7)

 Heart failure (ICD-9-CM)

75 (9.3)

1 (0.4)

74 (12.8)

9 (2.9)

66 (13.3)

5 (2.0)

70 (12.6)

8 (3.8)

67 (11.2)

Altered mental status at presentation

42 (5.2)

3 (1.3)

39 (6.8)

0 (0)

42 (8.4)

6 (2.4)

36 (6.5)

4 (1.9)

38 (6.4)

Cognitive impairment (ICD-9-CM)

60 (7.4)

0 (0)

60 (10.4)

7 (2.3)

53 (10.6)

6 (2.4)

54 (9.7)

7 (3.3)

53 (8.9)

Pulse (beats/min, mean ± SD)

93.2 ± 18.92

94.0 ± 18.51

92.9 ± 19.10

91.6 ± 17.35

94.1 ± 19.78

85.6 ± 13.38

96.6 ± 20.04

87.6 ± 17.73

95.2 ± 18.96

 Pulse ≥ 110 beats/min

169 (20.9)

56 (24.3)

113 (19.6)

47 (15.2)

122 (24.5)

0 (0)

169 (30.3)

29 (13.7)

140 (23.5)

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg, mean ± SD)

133.6 ± 22.90

134.4 ± 21.75

133.3 ± 23.35

136.4 ± 21.32

131.9 ± 23.69

136.8 ± 21.60

132.2 ± 23.33

139.8 ± 22.30

131.4 ± 22.70

 Systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg

36 (4.5)

7 (3.0)

29 (5.0)

3 (1.0)

33 (6.6)

0 (0)

36 (6.5)

3 (1.4)

33 (5.5)

O2 saturation (%, mean ± SD)

96.3 ± 3.50

96.8 ± 3.83

96.1 ± 3.34

96.3 ± 2.42

95.9 ± 3.97

97.0 ± 2.35

96.0 ± 3.87

97.1 ± 2.12

96.0 ± 3.83

 O2 saturation <90 %

32 (4.0)

6 (2.6)

26 (4.5)

1 (0.3)

31 (6.2)

0 (0)

32 (5.7)

0 (0)

32 (5.4)

 Oxygen needed to maintain O2 saturation >90 % for >24 h

412 (51.1)

79 (34.3)

333 (57.7)

112 (36.2)

300 (60.2)

90 (36.0)

322 (57.8)

0 (0)

412 (69.1)

Respiratory rate (breaths/min, mean ± SD)

19.1 ± 3.56

18.7 ± 3.31

19.3 ± 3.64

18.5 ± 2.20

19.5 ± 4.14

18.5 ± 2.51

19.4 ± 3.90

18.2 ± 2.37

19.5 ± 3.84

 Respiratory rate ≥30 breaths/min

19 (2.4)

2 (0.8)

17 (2.9)

0 (0)

19 (3.8)

2 (0.8)

17 (3.1)

2 (0.9)

17 (2.9)

Temperature (degrees Celsius, mean ± SD)

97.6 ± 1.38

97.8 ± 1.29

97.6 ± 1.41

97.9 ± 1.38

97.4 ± 1.47

97.6 ± 1.28

97.6 ± 1.40

97.4 ± 1.24

97.7 ± 1.42

 Temperature <36° Celsius

206 (25.5)

47 (20.4)

159 (27.6)

40 (12.9)

166 (33.3)

68 (27.2)

138 (24.8)

60 (28.4)

146 (24.5)

Thrombolysis or embolectomy > 48 h

4 (0.5)

2 (0.9)

2 (0.3)

3 (1.0)

1 (0.2)

3 (1.2)

1 (0.2)

0 (0)

4 (0.7)

High risk of bleedingb

101 (12.5)

37 (16.1)

64 (11.1)

48 (15.5)

53 (10.6)

37 (14.8)

64 (11.5)

0 (0)

101 (16.9)

PE on anticoagulation

62 (7.7)

17 (7.4)

45 (7.8)

21 (6.7)

41 (8.2)

11 (4.4)

51 (9.2)

0 (0)

62 (10.4)

History of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

5 (0.6)

1 (0.4)

4 (0.7)

2 (0.6)

3 (0.6)

2 (0.8)

3 (0.5)

0 (0)

5 (0.8)

Medical or social reason for admissionc

237 (29.3)

43 (18.7)

194 (33.6)

64 (20.7)

173 (34.7)

42 (16.9)

195 (34.9)

0 (0)

237 (39.8)

Need for intravenous pain medication for > 24 h

87 (10.8)

43 (18.7)

44 (7.6)

48 (15.5)

39 (7.8)

32 (12.8)

55 (9.9)

0 (0)

87 (14.6)

Severe liver impairmentd

10 (1.2)

3 (1.3)

7 (1.2)

3 (1.0)

7 (1.4)

3 (1.2)

7 (1.3)

0 (0)

10 (1.7)

Liver disease (ICD-9-CM)

6 (0.7)

0 (0)

6 (1.0)

3 (1.0)

3 (0.6)

2 (0.8)

4 (0.7)

0 (0)

6 (1.0)

Creatinine clearance <30 mL/min

31 (3.8)

2 (0.9)

29 (5.0)

11 (3.6)

20 (4.0)

7 (2.8)

24 (4.3)

0 (0)

31 (5.2)

Renal failure (ICD-9-CM)

60 (7.4)

2 (0.9)

58 (10.1)

18 (5.8)

42 (8.4)

16 (6.4)

44 (7.9)

8 (3.8)

52 (8.7)

Hemodynamically unstablee

94 (11.6)

24 (10.4)

70 (12.1)

30 (9.7)

64 (12.9)

17 (6.8)

77 (13.8)

0 (0)

94 (15.8)

Myocardial infarction (ICD-9-CM)

40 (5.0)

4 (1.7)

36 (6.2)

15 (4.9)

25 (5.0)

16 (6.4)

24 (4.3)

2 (0.9)

38 (6.4)

Cerebrovascular disease (ICD-9-CM)

11 (1.4)

0 (0)

11 (1.9)

5 (1.6)

6 (1.2)

4 (1.6)

7 (1.3)

2 (0.9)

9 (1.5)

Prior major bleeding (ICD-9-CM)

28 (3.5)

1 (0.4)

27 (4.7)

8 (2.6)

20 (4.0)

5 (2.0)

23 (4.1)

3 (1.4)

25 (4.2)

Atrial fibrillation (ICD-9-CM)

87 (10.8)

2 (0.9)

85 (14.7)

15 (4.9)

72 (14.5)

11 (4.4)

76 (13.6)

18 (8.5)

69 (11.6)

Coagulopathy (ICD-9-CM)

41 (5.1)

3 (1.3)

38 (6.6)

11 (3.6)

30 (6.0)

12 (4.8)

29 (5.2)

6 (2.8)

35 (5.9)

  1. aOf the 807 patients, 3 (0.4 %) patients had unknown values for respiratory rate; 2 (0.2 %) for pulse, systolic blood pressure, O2 saturation, and temperature; 516 (63.9 %) for bilirubin (component of liver disease); 1 (0.1 %) for platelets (component of bleed risk); and 1 (0.1 %) for glomerular filtration rate (creatinine clearance estimate)
  2. Hrs hours, ICD-9-CM International Classification of Diseases-Ninth Revision-Clinical Modification, min minutes, SD standard deviation, O2 oxygen
  3. bGastrointestinal bleeding in the preceding 14 days, stroke in the preceding 4 weeks, procedure in the preceding 2 weeks, bleeding disorder or thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 75 × 109/L), or uncontrolled hypertension (systolic blood pressure > 180 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 110 mmHg)
  4. cMedical or social reason for hospital treatment was determined by trained study personnel using all data available in the electronic health record including vital signs, laboratory values, and emergency department, admission and consult notes
  5. dCirrhosis or bilirubin > 2.5 mg/dL
  6. ePulse ≥ 100 beats/minute and systolic blood pressure ≤ 100 mmHg or condition requiring admission to an intensive care unit
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Thrombosis Journal

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