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Table 3 Clinical outcome with different antiplatelet therapies and regimens

From: A brief review on resistance to P2Y12 receptor antagonism in coronary artery disease

Authors (year)

Study design

Population

No. studies (no. patients)

Drug and/or intervention

Lab method

Clinical outcome

Risk Ratio (RR) or Odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI are mainly given

Zhou, Y. et al. (2017) [18]

Meta-analysis of RCTs

Patients with CAD undergoing PCI

13 (7290)

CAT vs. IAT based on platelet function testing

VASP, VN, LTA, Multiplate

Testing-guided IAT was associated with a significant reduction in MACE [RR: 0.55 (0.36, 0.84), p = 0.005], CV death [RR: 0.60 (0.38–0.96), p = 0.03], ST [RR: 0.58 (0.36, 0.93), p = 0.02] and TVR [RR: 0.33 (0.14–0.76), p = 0.009] compared to CAT. No significant difference in rate of bleeding events.

Xu, L. et al. (2016) [19]

Meta-analysis of RCTs

Patients with CAD undergoing PCI

13 (5111)

CAT vs. IAT based on platelet function testing

VASP, VN, LTA, Multiplate, TEG

The incidences of CV death, nonfatal MI, and stent thrombosis were significantly lower in the IAT group than in the CAT group [RR: 0.45, (0.36, 0.57), p < 0.00001], whereas bleeding was similar between the two groups [RR: 1.05 (0.86, 1.27), p = 0.65].

Reny, J. et al. (2016) [20]

Meta-analysis of prospective cohorts and RCTs

Patients with symptomatic atherothrombosis

13 (6478)

Clopidogrel

LTA

The strength of the association between PR and the risk of MACE increased significantly (p = 0.04) with the number of risk factors present (age > 75 years, ACS at inclusion, diabetes, and hypertension). No association was detected in patients with no risk factor (p = 0.48).

Ma, W. et al. (2015) [21]

Meta-analysis of RCTs

Patients undergoing PCI

17 (4822)

CAT vs. IAT

with and without platelet function testing.

VASP, VN, LTA, Multiplate

IAT was generally associated with a significant reduction in the risk of MACE [OR: 0.52 (0.39, 0.71), p < 0.0001]. The subgroup with HPR did also benefit from IAT compared to CAT [OR: 0.54 (0.38, 0.77), p = 0.0007]. The observed benefits were mainly attributed to treatment-associated reduction in ST [OR: 0.43 (0.23, 0.78), p = 0.006] and TVR [OR: 0.38 (0.20, 0.74), p = 0.004]. No difference in the rate of major/minor bleeding event between IAT or CAT [OR: 0.80 (0.56, 1.13), p = 0.21].

Lin, L. et al. (2015) [22]

Meta-analysis of RCTs

Patients undergoing PCI

8 (3865)

CAT vs. IAT

in patients with HPR

VASP, VN, LTA, Multiplate

In patients with HPR, IAT significantly reduced the risk of MACE/MACCE [RR: 0.59 (0.39, 0.88), p = 0.01], CV death [RR: 0.33, (0.12, 0.97), p = 0.04], ST [RR: 0.43 (0.20, 0.92), p = 0.03], and TVR [RR 0.31 (0.10, 0.93), p = 0.04], without increasing major bleeding [RR 0.75 (0.43, 1.31), p = 0.31] compared with CAT.

D’Ascenzo, F. et al. (2014) [23]

Meta-analysis

Patients with CAD

26 (28178)

Aspirin vs. clopidogrel

VN, LTA, Multiplate, TEG,

HPR was reported in 29% of patients on clopidogrel. HPR was not an independent prognostic indicator of adverse cardiac events in patients with either stable and unstable coronary disease for adverse cardiac events.

Chen, J. et al. (2013) [24]

Meta-analysis

Population with ACS

8 (605)

Clopidogrel with and without PPI

VASP, VN, Multiplate

Compared to clopidogrel treatment alone, patients who received both a PPI and clopidogrel had less of a decrease in the PRI [WMD: 8.18 (6.81, 9.56), p < 0.00001], less ADP–induced platelet aggregation inhibition [WMD: 7.28 (2.44, 12.11), p = 0.003], higher PRU [WMD: 40.58 (19.31, 61.86), p = 0.0002], and higher risks of clopidogrel resistance [OR: 2.49 (1.49, 4.14), p = 0.0005]. However, no significant differences for the incidences of MACE were found.

  1. BMI body mass index, CAT conventional antiplatelet therapy, CV cardiovascular, HPR high platelet reactivity, IAT intensified antiplatelet therapy, LD loading dose, LPR low platelet reactivity, LTA light transmission aggregometry, MACCE major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events, MACE major adverse cardiovascular events, MI myocardial infarction, MD maintenance dose, MPA maximal platelet aggregation, OR odds ratio, PPI protein pump inhibitors, PR platelet reactivity, PRI platelet reactivity index, PRU platelet reactivity units, RCTs randomized controlled trials, RR relative risk, SD standard dose, ST stent thrombosis, TEG thrombelastography, TVR target vessel revascularization, VASP Vasodilator stimulated phosphoprotein, VN VerifyNow-P2Y12, WMD weighted mean differenc