Table 1 Case reports and case series of unprovoked internal jugular vein thrombosis
From: Unprovoked internal jugular vein thrombosis: a case report and literature review
Author, journal, year [ref] | Country | Nba | Age | Gender (F/M) | Thrombosis location | Associated factors | Imag-ing | Symptoms | Treatment (type and length) | Complication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Payrard et al. 2020 | Switzerland | 1 | 52 | F | Left IJV | US + CT | Painful neck swelling | Intravenous heparin for 5 days and acenocoumarol prolonged | / | |
Algoblan et al., Cureus, 2020 [7] | Saudi Arabia | 1 | 66 | M | Right IJV, subclavian and axillary vein | Liver transplant | US + CT | Right chest, flank and back pain | Enoxaparin 1 mg/kg twice daily | / |
Pratt et al., J Thromb Thrombolysis, 2020 [8] | USA | 1 | 21 | F | Left IJV, transverse and sigmoid sinus | Nitrous oxide abuse | MRI | Confusion, hallucinations, weakness and falls | LMWH (duration not describe) | / |
Agrawal et al., Cureus, 2019 [9] | USA | 1 | 64 | F | Right IJV and subclavian vein | / | US | Right upper extremity and right facial swelling | Intravenous heparin for 2 days and Apixaban for 6 months | / |
Hahn et al., Auris Nasus Larynx, 2019 [10] | Germany | 3/41a | 50, 54, 78 | 2 F, 1 M | Internal jugular vein (side not describe) | 3 idiopathic, 22 paraneoplastic (compression and distant disease), 14 inflammatory diseases, 2 central-venous catheter | US + CT | Asymptomatic | Apixaban 5 mg (duration not describe) / Rivaroxaban 20 mg for 2 months / Rivaroxaban for 3 months | / |
Matsuda et al., eNeurologicalSci, 2018 [11] | Japan | 1 | 71 | M | Right IJV | Pseudotumor cerebri and Lung cancer | Veinography + US | Not describe | Warfarin, 3 mg/day | / |
Al-Zoubi, Vasc Health Risk Manag, 2018 [12] | Jordan | 1 | 44 | F | Right IJV | Antiphospholipid syndrome | US + CT | Painful neck swelling | LMWH for 3 months and long-term warfarin | / |
Jendoubi, Saudi J Anaesth, 2017 [13] | Saudi Arabia | 1 | 75 | M | Right IJV | / | US | Exacerbation of COPD | Not describe | Pulmonary embolism |
Toratani et al., Intern Med, 2017 [14] | Japan | 1 | 45 | M | Left IJV subclavian and brachiocephalic vein | Gastric cancer | US + CT | Swelling of the left side of his neck and left upper limb | Unfractionated heparin for 7 days and long-term Edoxaban (60 mg/day, orally) | / |
Nomura et al., Intern Med, 2016 [15] | Japan | 1 | 70 | F | Left IJV | / | CT | Dyspnea | Anticoagulation therapy for 2 weeks | Pulmonary embolism |
Bandara et al., J Med Case Rep, 2016 [16] | Sri Lanka | 1 | 75 | M | Left IJV, external jugular and brachiocephalic vein | Prostate carcinoma | US + CT | Painless swelling of the left supraclavicular fossa | Intravenous heparin and long-term oral warfarin | / |
Efe et al., Perfusion, 2015 [17] | Turkey | 1 | 19 | F | Right IJV | / | US + CT + MRI | Pain and swelling of the right side of the neck | Enoxaparin and warfarin for 6 months | / |
Onishi et al., Case Rep Nephrol Dial, 2015 [18] | Japan | 1 | 56 | M | Left IJV and subclavian vein | Nephrotic syndrome | CT | Swelling of the upper limb | Heparin and warfarin (duration not describe) | / |
Van den Broek et al., Neth J Med, 2014 [19] | Netherlands | 1 | 28 | F | Right IJV | Borderline ovarian tumour | US + MRI | Mass in the right neck | Tinzaparin 0.9 ml daily (duration not describe) | / |
Altintas et al., Case Rep Vasc Med, 2014 [20] | Turkey | 1 | 42 | F | Bilateral IJV | Inherited coagulopathy (homozygous MTHFR mutation and protein C deficiency) | US + MRI | Asymptomatic | LMWH and long-term warfarin | Recurrent thrombosis (lower limb DVT) |
Ghatak et al., J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol, 2013 [21] | India | 1 | 21 | F | Right IJV and subclavian vein | Homozygous Factor V Leiden mutation, activated factor C resistance and Dengue infection | US | Septic shock and encephalopathy | Unfractionated heparin and warfarin (duration not describe) | / |
Papay et al., J Crohns Colitis, 2013 [22] | Austria | 1/157a | NA | NA | IJV (side not describe) | Inflammatory bowel disease | Not describe | Not describe | Not describe | Recurrent thrombosis (venous arm thrombosis) |
Kunimasa et al., Intern Med, 2013 [23] | Japan | 1 | 70 | F | Left IJV | Lung cancer (Trousseau’s syndrome) | CT | Painful swelling left side of the neck | Not describe | / |
Honma et al., J Echocardiogr, 2011 [24] | Japan | 1 | 59 | F | Left internal jugular vein | / | US + CT | Dizziness | Oral warfarin (duration not describe) | / |
Ishida et al., J Neurosurg Spine, 2011 [25] | Japan | 1 | 56 | F | Left internal jugular vein | Cervical spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma | MRI + Angiography | Pain of the back of the head and neck | / (because of the hematoma) | / |
Gbaguidi et al., QJM, 2011 [26] | France | 5/29a | NA | NA | 18/29 Left IJV 7/29 Right IJV 4/29 Bilateral IJV | 24/29: secondary IJV 5/29: idiopathic IJV | US + CT | Cervical oedema, arm oedema, pain, erythrocyanosis, superficial varicose collateral veins | 2 UFH, 7 LMWH, followed by oral anticoagulation (20), Median duration: 6 months | 3/29: pulmonary embolism (secondary IJV) 12/29: post thrombotic syndrome (secondary IJV) |
Serinken et al., Kaohsiung J Med Sci, 2010 [27] | Turkey | 1 | 31 | F | Right IJV | / | US + CT | Painless swelling in the right anterior side of the neck | LMWH and oral warfarin | / |
Snijders et al., Eur J Gynaecol Oncol, 2010 [28] | Netherlands | 1 | 52 | F | Right IJV | Non-hodgkin’s lymphoma of both ovaries | US + CT | Swelling of the ride side of the neck | UFH and oral coumarin (duration not describe) | / |
Handley et al., Int J Otolaryngol, 2010 [29] | UK | 1 | 30 | M | Right IJV vein and sigmoid sinus | Collet-Sicard Syndrome secondary to IJV thrombosis | CT + MRI | Right sided neck pain, dysphagia and dysphonia | Not describe | / |
Leibman et al., J Emerg Med, 2009 [30] | Israel | 1 | 31 | F | Right IJV | Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome | US | Pain and swelling of the right side of the neck | LMWH (duration not describe) | / |
Chlumsky et al., Acta Cardiol, 2009 [31] | Czech Republic | 1 | 61 | M | Right IJV | / | US | Swelling of the right side of the face | LMWH and warfarin for 6 months | / |
Pata et al., J Laryngol Otol, 2008 [32] | Turkey | 2 | 58, 46 | F, M | Left IJV | Breast and lung cancer | MRI / CT | Painful swelling of the left side of the neck / Painless mass of the left neck and dyspnea | UFH + oral VKA (duration not described) / No treatment because patient died of cancer | / |
Mori et al., Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 2008 [33] | Japan | 1 | 16 | F | Left IJV, brachiocephalic and subclavian vein | Primary Mediastinal Large B-Cell lymphoma (Trousseau’s syndrome) | CT | General fatigue and dyspnea | Dalteparin (duration not describe) | / |
Kikuchi et al., Br J Radiol, 2004 [34] | Japan | 1 | 56 | M | Left IJV and external jugular vein | / | CT + FDG-PET | Swelling around the left parotid gland | / (treated with antibiotics) | / |
Cheang et al., J Laryngol Otol, 2004 [35] | UK | 1 | 42 | M | Bilateral IJV | Malignant lymphadenopathy | US + CT | Diffuse swelling and stiffness of the neck | UFH (type and duration not describe) | / |
Unsal et al., Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol, 2003 [36] | Turkey | 1 | 48 | M | Right IJV | Lung and prostate cancer | US + CT | Pain and swelling of the right side of the neck | UFH and oral coumarin (duration not describe) | / |
Khandekar et al., Angiology, 2003 [37] | India | 1 | 30 | M | Bilateral IJV | Protein S Deficiency | CT | Swelling of face, neck and both upper limbs | Anticoagulation + aspirin 150 mg/day | / |
Thomas et al., Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis, 2001 [38] | UK | 1 | 29 | F | Right IJV | Protein S deficiency | US | Pain of the right side of the neck | UFH and Dalterapin 6000 UI twice daily + aspirin 75 mg and Dalteparin 5000 UI twice daily (duration not describe) | / |
Van den Noortgate, Acta Clin Belg, 2000 [39] | Belgium | 1 | 88 | F | Right IJV | Colorectal adenocarcinoma | US + CT | Pain and swelling of the side of the neck | LMWH and oral anticoagulation (type not describe) for 3 months | / |
Todros et al., Hum Reprod, 1999 [40] | Italy | 1 | 30 | F | Left IJV, subclavian, axillary and humeral veins | Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome | US | Pain and swelling of the left arm and neck | Heparin (2 weeks) and warfarin (13 weeks) and back to heparin (5 weeks) | / |
Kalan et al., J Laryngol Otol, 1996 [41] | UK | 1 | 65 | M | Left IJV | Squamous cell carcinoma (primary lesion not found) | US + CT | Hoarseness | Heparin (type not describe) for 2 months (stopped because patient died) | Death (related or not to IJV thrombosis?) |
Holland et al., Aust N Z J Surg, 1996 [42] | Australia | 1 | 21 | F | Right IJV | Antiphospholipid syndrome | CT | Pain and swelling of the right side of the neck | Heparin (type not describe) and long-term oral warfarin | / |
Hines et al., Gynecol Oncol, 1995 [43] | USA | 1 | 49 | F | Left IJV + subclavian vein | Ovarian and endometrial adenocarcinoma | US + CT + MRI | Pain and swelling of the left side of the neck | Heparin + warfarin (duration not describe) | Pulmonary embolism |
Langlieb et al., Gynecol Oncol, 1992 [44] | USA | 1 | 46 | F | Left IJV | Leiomyosarcoma of the omentum | CT | Pain of the left side of the neck | Not describe | Not describe |
Carrington et al., Postgrad Med J, 1988 [45] | UK | 2 | 56, 59 | F, M | 1 Right IJV 1 Left IJV | Invasive carcinoid and mesothelioma | CT | Painful and neck swelling | Heparin and acenocoumarol (duration not describe) | Patient with left IJV: extension to the left subclavian vein |
Kennedy et al., Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 1987 [46] | USA | 1 | 77 | F | Left IJV | / | CT | Nagging sensation of fullness in the inferior left side of her neck | Heparin (type not describe) for 1 week and oral warfarin for 3 months | / |