From: The impact on renal function after long-term use of anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients
Variables | Warfarin group | DOAC group | p value (NOACs vs. Warfarin) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Warfarin | Dabigatran | Rivaroxaban | Apixaban | Edoxaban | ||
N | 957 | 802 | 1353 | 438 | 107 | |
Gender (male) | 519 (54.2) | 526 (65.6) | 807 (59.6) | 282 (64.4) | 73 (68.2) | < 0.001 |
Mean age | 66 ± 11.3 | 69 ± 9.6 | 70 ± 9.5 | 71 ± 9 .8 | 69 ± 10.0 | < 0.001 |
Medical history | ||||||
Type 2 DM | 179 (18.7) | 166 (20.7) | 289 (21.4) | 104 (23.7) | 24 (22.4) | 0.065 |
Hypertension | 346 (36.2) | 336 (41.9) | 625 (46.2) | 230 (52.5) | 50 (46.7) | < 0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 184 (19.2) | 171 (21.3) | 303 (22.4) | 126 (28.8) | 35 (32.7) | 0.007 |
Heart failure | 136 (14.2) | 62 (7.7) | 135 (10.0) | 28 (13.2) | 9 (8.4) | < 0.001 |
Prior stroke | 40 (4.2) | 50 (6.2) | 79 (5.8) | 20 (4.6) | 5 (4.7) | 0.085 |
Vascular disease | 20 (2.1) | 11 (1.4) | 24 (1.8) | 20 (4.6) | 0 (0) | 1.000 |
Chronic kidney disease | ||||||
Stage < 3 | 602 (62.9) | 597 (74.4) | 897 (66.3) | 272 (62.1) | 60 (56.1) | 0.009 |
Stage ≥3 | 355 (37.1) | 205 (25.6) | 246 (18.2) | 166 (37.9) | 47 (43.9) | |
CHA2DS2-VASc | 2.17 ± 1.33 | 2.42 ± 1.39 | 2.62 ± 1.33 | 2.6 2 ± 1.30 | 2.45 ± 1.40 | < 0.001 |
Medication | ||||||
ACEI/ARB | 528 (55.2) | 472 (58.9) | 803 (59.3) | 254 (58.0) | 72 (67.3) | 0.029 |
Spironolactone | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.5) | 1 (0.9) | 0.572 |
Renal function | ||||||
The average serum Cr (mg/dL) | 1.09 ± 0.36 | 1.02 ± 0.27 | 1.06 ± 0.31 | 1.11 ± 0.34 | 1.14 ± 0.36 | 0.017 |
Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 70.51 ± 24.95 | 74.98 ± 22.17 | 71.38 ± 23.38 | 68.51 ± 21.34 | 68.06 ± 21.89 | 0.128 |
1-year eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 69.26 ± 23.86 | 73.33 ± 22.59 | 68.74 ± 22.55 | 66.71 ± 21.72 | 69.03 ± 23.49 | 0.553 |
2-year eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 69.52 ± 26.89 | 72.73 ± 25.14 | 68.14 ± 23.01 | 65.80 ± 22.80 | 67.05 ± 22.78 | 0.657 |
Renal outcomes | ||||||
Acute kidney injury (%) | 88 (9.2) | 40 (5.0) | 69 (5.1) | 27 (6.2) | 4 (3.7) | < 0.001 |
Renal failure requiring HD (%) | 3 (0.3) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.1) | 1 (0.2) | 0 (0) | 0.188 |
Renal death (%) | 5 (0.5) | 3 (0.4) | 4 (0.3) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.9) | 0.378 |
Observation time (years) | 3.9 ± 1.5 | 3.8 ± 1.1 | 3.5 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |