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Table 1 Baseline characteristics and renal outcomes (before propensity score matching)

From: The impact on renal function after long-term use of anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients

Variables

Warfarin group

DOAC group

p value

(NOACs vs. Warfarin)

Warfarin

Dabigatran

Rivaroxaban

Apixaban

Edoxaban

N

957

802

1353

438

107

 

Gender (male)

519 (54.2)

526 (65.6)

807 (59.6)

282 (64.4)

73 (68.2)

< 0.001

Mean age

66 ± 11.3

69 ± 9.6

70 ± 9.5

71 ± 9 .8

69 ± 10.0

< 0.001

Medical history

 Type 2 DM

179 (18.7)

166 (20.7)

289 (21.4)

104 (23.7)

24 (22.4)

0.065

 Hypertension

346 (36.2)

336 (41.9)

625 (46.2)

230 (52.5)

50 (46.7)

< 0.001

 Hyperlipidemia

184 (19.2)

171 (21.3)

303 (22.4)

126 (28.8)

35 (32.7)

0.007

 Heart failure

136 (14.2)

62 (7.7)

135 (10.0)

28 (13.2)

9 (8.4)

< 0.001

 Prior stroke

40 (4.2)

50 (6.2)

79 (5.8)

20 (4.6)

5 (4.7)

0.085

 Vascular disease

20 (2.1)

11 (1.4)

24 (1.8)

20 (4.6)

0 (0)

1.000

Chronic kidney disease

 Stage < 3

602 (62.9)

597 (74.4)

897 (66.3)

272 (62.1)

60 (56.1)

0.009

 Stage ≥3

355 (37.1)

205 (25.6)

246 (18.2)

166 (37.9)

47 (43.9)

 CHA2DS2-VASc

2.17 ± 1.33

2.42 ± 1.39

2.62 ± 1.33

2.6 2 ± 1.30

2.45 ± 1.40

< 0.001

Medication

 ACEI/ARB

528 (55.2)

472 (58.9)

803 (59.3)

254 (58.0)

72 (67.3)

0.029

 Spironolactone

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (0.5)

1 (0.9)

0.572

Renal function

 The average serum Cr (mg/dL)

1.09 ± 0.36

1.02 ± 0.27

1.06 ± 0.31

1.11 ± 0.34

1.14 ± 0.36

0.017

 Baseline eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

70.51 ± 24.95

74.98 ± 22.17

71.38 ± 23.38

68.51 ± 21.34

68.06 ± 21.89

0.128

 1-year eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

69.26 ± 23.86

73.33 ± 22.59

68.74 ± 22.55

66.71 ± 21.72

69.03 ± 23.49

0.553

 2-year eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)

69.52 ± 26.89

72.73 ± 25.14

68.14 ± 23.01

65.80 ± 22.80

67.05 ± 22.78

0.657

Renal outcomes

 Acute kidney injury (%)

88 (9.2)

40 (5.0)

69 (5.1)

27 (6.2)

4 (3.7)

< 0.001

 Renal failure requiring HD (%)

3 (0.3)

0 (0)

2 (0.1)

1 (0.2)

0 (0)

0.188

 Renal death (%)

5 (0.5)

3 (0.4)

4 (0.3)

1 (0.2)

1 (0.9)

0.378

 Observation time (years)

3.9 ± 1.5

3.8 ± 1.1

3.5 ± 0.8

2.9 ± 0.3

2.6 ± 0.4

<  0.001

  1. Data were presented as mean ± standard deviation or numbers (percentages)
  2. Abbreviation: N number, DOAC direct oral anticoagulants, DM diabetes mellitus, Cr creatinine, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACEI Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, HD hemodialysis