Fig. 6

Effects of TXA on white blood cells in orthopaedic surgery. The effects of TXA on the assessed immune parameters in orthopaedic surgery were evaluated and a significant reduction in the proportion of CD141+ cDC within overall cDC cells at the POD-3 time point (A) was observed. Moreover, a significant decrease in the expression of CD83 (B) and TNFR 2 (C) on classical monocytes at the EOS time point was detected. In addition, an increase in CCR4 expression on NK cells at EOS (D) and a reduction of TNFR2 at POD-3 (E) was noticeable in TXA-treated patients. Data represent fold-change from preOP levels and are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. Placebo: n = 4, TXA n = 14–15. *p = 0.05, **p = 0.01, ***p = 0.001, 2-tailed Student t test. preOP: pre-operative, EOS: end of surgery, POD-1: post-operative day 1, POD-3: post-operative day 3