Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with ARDS caused by COVID-19 and bacterial pneumonia
Characteristic | Total (N = 240) | Bacterial pneumonia (N = 135) | COVID-19 (N = 105) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, y | 64.3 ± 14.2 | 64.8 ± 15.1 | 63.6 ± 13.1 | 0.522 |
Male | 161 (67.1) | 101 (74.8) | 60 (57.1) | 0.004 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6 ± 3.4 | 23.7 ± 3.9 | 23.6 ± 2.7 | 0.977 |
Bed time ≥ 3 days | 189 (78.8) | 117 (86.7) | 72 (68.6) | 0.001 |
Hospital stays, d | 23 (13, 38) | 18 (11, 29) | 31 (18, 41) | <  0.001 |
ARDS to DVT or last US scan, d | 7 (3, 13) | 5 (2, 12) | 10 (6, 14) | <  0.001 |
Median number of US scans | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 1) | <  0.001 |
DVT Wells score | 1 (1, 2) | 1 (1, 1) | 1 (0, 2) | 0.004 |
Padua prediction score | 5 (5, 6) | 5 (5, 6) | 5 (4, 6) | 0.171 |
APACHE II score | 16 (12, 23) | 22 (17, 27) | 11 (11, 13) | <  0.001 |
SOFA score | 5 (4, 10) | 6 (4, 10) | 4 (3, 12) | 0.012 |
Underlying disease | ||||
  Smoke | 84 (35.0) | 76 (56.3) | 8 (7.6) | <  0.001 |
  Chronic respiratory disease | 32 (13.3) | 25 (18.5) | 7 (6.7) | 0.007 |
  Hypertension | 103 (42.9) | 60 (44.4) | 43 (41.0) | 0.588 |
  Coronary heart disease | 39 (16.3) | 24 (17.8) | 15 (14.3) | 0.467 |
  Diabetes | 54 (22.5) | 33 (24.4) | 21 (20.0) | 0.413 |
  Cerebral vascular disease | 31 (12.9) | 27 (20.0) | 4 (3.8) | <  0.001 |
  Chronic liver disease | 5 (2.1) | 2 (1.5) | 3 (2.9) | 0.656 |
  Chronic kidney disease | 16 (6.7) | 13 (9.6) | 3 (2.9) | 0.037 |
Symptoms of onset | ||||
 Fever | 222 (92.5) | 128 (94.8) | 94 (89.5) | 0.123 |
 Cough | 188 (78.3) | 114 (84.4) | 74 (70.5) | 0.009 |
 Dyspnea | 198 (82.5) | 130 (96.3) | 68 (64.8) | <  0.001 |
DVT symptoms | 46 (19.2) | 27 (20.0) | 19 (18.1) | 0.710 |
 Edema of lower extremities | 42 (17.5) | 27 (20.0) | 15 (14.3) | 0.248 |
 Leg pain | 6 (2.5) | 2 (1.5) | 4 (3.8) | 0.408 |
Arterial blood gas analysis | ||||
  PaO2/FiO2, mm Hg | 135 (81, 195) | 137 (80, 188) | 130 (81, 197) | 0.858 |
Hematologic and infection-related indices | ||||
  White blood cell count, × 109/L | 10.9 (7.23, 16.0) | 14.4 (10.1, 19.0) | 8.1 (5.7, 10.9) | <  0.001 |
  Neutrophil count, ×109/L | 9.7 (5.9, 14.2) | 12.8 (9.0, 17.3) | 6.5 (4.2, 9.6) | <  0.001 |
  Lymphocyte count, × 109/L | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.528 |
  Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio | 12.5 (7.1, 21.0) | 15.1 (8.7, 23.7) | 8.9 (4.7, 15.1) | <  0.001 |
  Platelet count, ×109/L | 190 (133, 263) | 185 (115, 261) | 190 (144, 270) | 0.205 |
  Hemoglobin, g/L | 116 (99, 130) | 112 (87, 130) | 118 (108, 132) | 0.021 |
  C-reactive protein, mg/L | 99.5 (51.8, 120.0) | 120.0 (82.0,120.0) | 58.0 (20.7, 99.5) | <  0.001 |
  Serum procalcitonin, ng/L | 0.8 (0.1, 4.2) | 3.2 (1.2, 11.3) | 0.1 (0.1, 0.4) | <  0.001 |
Biochemical test | ||||
  Total protein, g/L | 57.6 (50.9, 63.2) | 53.0 (47.0, 59.0) | 60.8 (57.6, 65.3) | <  0.001 |
  Albumin, g/L | 26.3 (23.6, 29.9) | 25.3 (23.0, 29.6) | 27.3 (24.2, 30.2) | 0.007 |
  Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 35.0 (25.5, 58.0) | 40.8 (26.0, 71.7) | 33.0 (24.0, 44.0) | 0.008 |
  Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 33.2 (19.6, 60.2) | 29.7 (17.9, 58.8) | 35.0 (26.0, 62.0) | 0.101 |
  Total bilirubin, μmol/L | 14.2 (10.1, 20.3) | 15.2 (10.7, 22.8) | 13.6 (9.2, 17.0) | 0.006 |
  Direct bilirubin, μmol/L | 4.8 (3.1, 7.3) | 5.2 (3.3, 8.4) | 4.5 (3.0, 6.2) | 0.038 |
  Lactate dehydrogenase, U/L | 354.0 (234.3, 546.0) | 350.0 (239.0, 624.8) | 354.0 (224.0, 511.0) | 0.360 |
  Blood urea nitrogen, mmol/L | 7.54 (4.80, 13.78) | 10.21 (5.39, 17.42) | 6.50 (4.21, 9.21) | <  0.001 |
  Serum creatinine, μmol/L | 73.5 (56.7, 125.8) | 89.1 (62.4, 193.0) | 64.3 (53.7, 75.5) | <  0.001 |
  eGFR, mL/min/1.73m2 | 88.3 (44.2, 104.2) | 71.6 (29.2, 102.0) | 95.6 (80.8, 106.9) | <  0.001 |
  CK-MB, U/L | 16.2 (10.8, 29.7) | 16.2 (11.0, 26.9) | 16.2 (10.0, 31.0) | 0.812 |
Coagulation function | ||||
  D-dimer, μg/mL | 1.8 (0.7, 4.6) | 1.5 (0.6, 2.6) | 2.8 (1.1, 8.0) | <  0.001 |
  Prothrombin time, s | 13.6 (12.60, 15.1) | 13.5 (12.3, 15.2) | 13.6 (12.7, 14.9) | 0.193 |
  Activated partial thromboplastin time, s | 33.7 (29.7, 38.1) | 32.1 (28.7, 35.7) | 34.8 (32.5, 39.2) | <  0.001 |
DVT | 116 (48.3) | 56 (41.5) | 60 (57.1) | 0.016 |
 Proximal DVT | 22 (9.2) | 6 (4.4) | 16 (15.2) | 0.004 |
 Distal DVT | 94 (39.2) | 50 (37.0) | 44 (41.9) | 0.443 |
 Muscular calf vein thrombosis only | 77 (32.1) | 38 (28.1) | 39 (37.1) | 0.139 |
Treatments | ||||
 Glucocorticoid therapy | 90 (37.5) | 40 (29.6) | 50 (47.6) | 0.004 |
 Immunoglobulin therapy | 56 (23.3) | 3 (2.2) | 53 (50.5) | <  0.001 |
 CVC | 82 (34.2) | 45 (33.3) | 37 (35.2) | 0.758 |
 CRRT | 22 (9.2) | 12 (8.9) | 10 (9.5) | 0.866 |
 IMV | 103 (42.9) | 79 (58.5) | 24 (22.9) | <  0.001 |
 Sedative therapy | 86 (35.8) | 62 (45.9) | 24 (22.9) | <  0.001 |
 Vasoactive drugs | 64 (26.7) | 27 (20.0) | 37 (35.2) | 0.008 |
VTE prophylaxis | 137 (57.1) | 64 (47.4) | 73 (69.5) | 0.001 |
 LMWH | 117 (48.8) | 55 (40.7) | 62 (59.0) | 0.005 |
 LMWH + physical | 80 (33.3) | 40 (29.6) | 40 (38.1) | 0.168 |
 Physical prophylaxis only | 19 (7.9) | 8 (5.9) | 11 (10.5) | 0.195 |
28-day mortality | 73 (30.4) | 46 (34.1) | 27 (25.7) | 0.163 |