Table 1 Characteristics of the 11 RCTs

Spyropoulos-2021 [21]

multicenter, active control randomized clinical trial

Hospitalized with COVID-19 (noncritically and critically ill)

Therapeutic (TA): enoxaparin (1 mg/kg BID or 0.5 mg/kg BID)

129

65.8 ± 13.9^a

52.7

31.2 ± 9.3^a

Standard (PA): LMWH (Up to 22,500 IU BID or TID) or enoxaparin (30 mg or 40 mg QD or BID).et

124

67.7 ± 14.1^a

54.8

29.8 ± 13.6^a

Lemos-2020 [13]

open-label RCT single-center, phase II

Hospitalized with COVID-19 (and ARDS)

Therapeutic (TA): enoxaparin (1 mg/kg BID or 0.75 mg/kg BID or 1 mg/kg QD)

10

55 ± 10^a

90

33 ± 8^a

Prophylactic (PA): enoxaparin (40 mg QD or 40 mg BID) or UFH (5000 IU TID or 7500 IU TID)

10

58 ± 16^a

70

34 ± 8^a

Goligher-2021 [12]

open-label RCT adaptive, multiplatform

Hospitalized with severe COVID-19(critically ill)

Therapeutic (TA): UFH or LMWH

536

60.4 ± 13.1^a

72.2

30.4 (26.9–36.1)

Usual-Care (PA): local standard venous thromboprophylaxis

567

61.7 ± 12.5^a

67.9

30.2 (26.4–34.9)

Lawler-2021 [22]

open-label RCT adaptive, multiplatform

Hospitalized with COVID-19(noncritically ill)

Therapeutic (TA): UFH or LMWH

1181

59.0 ± 14.1^a

60.4

29.8 (26.3–34.7)

Usual-Care (PA): local standard venous thromboprophylaxis

1050

58.8 ± 13.9^a

56.9

30.3 (26.7–34.9)

Connors-2021 [26]

adaptive, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Hospitalized with COVID-19 (symptomatic but clinically stable outpatients)

Therapeutic (TA): apixaban (5 mg BID)

164

52 (47–58)

37.8

31.1 (26.2–35.4)

Prophylactic (PA): apixaban (2.5 mg BID)

165

55 (46–61)

42.4

29.9 (26.2–34.8)

Marcos-Jubilar-2021 [23]

open-label, multicenter RCT

Hospitalized with COVID-19 (noncritically ill)

Therapeutic (TA): bemiparin (115 IU/kg QD)

32

62.3 ± 12.2^a

53.1

25.8 (24.0–29.4)

Standard (PA): bemiparin (3500 IU QD)

33

63.0 ± 13.7^a

72.7

26.1 (24.1–28.8)

Sholzberg-2021 [24]

Randomized controlled, adaptive, open label clinical trial.

Hospitalized with COVID-19(and elevated d-dimer)

Therapeutic (TA): UFH or LMWH

228

60.4 ± 14.1^a

53.9

30.3 ± 6.4^a

Prophylactic (PA): UFH or LMWH

237

59.6 ± 15.5^a

59.5

30.2 ± 7.0^a

Morici-2021 [25]

open-label, multicenter, controlled, randomized trial

Hospitalized with COVID-19 (noncritically ill)

Therapeutic (TA): enoxaparin (40 mg BID)

91

60 (53–73)

61.5

26 (24–28)

Prophylactic (PA): enoxaparin (40 mg QD)

92

59 (48–72)

64.1

25 (23–28)

Sadeghipour-2021 [27]

Multicenter randomized trial

Admitted to ICU with COVID-19

Intermediate (TA): enoxaparin (1 mg/kg QD)

276

62(51–70.7)

58.7

26.7 (24.4–29.1)

Standard (PA): enoxaparin (40 mg QD)

286

61(47–71)

57

27.2 (24.3–29.1)

Lopes-2021 [14]

open-label RCT pragmatic

Hospitalized with COVID-19 (stable and unstable)

Therapeutic (TA): rivaroxaban (20 mg or 15 mg QD)

311

56.7 ± 14.1^a

62

30.3 ± 6.0^a

Prophylactic (PA): standard in-hospital enoxaparin or UFH

304

56.5 ± 14.5^a

58

30.3 ± 6.1^a

Perepu-2021 [11]

open-label RCT multi-center

Hospitalized with COVID-19 (ICU and/or coagulopathy)

Intermediate (TA): enoxaparin (40 mg QD or 30 mg BID or 40 mg BID)

87

65 (24–86)

54

30.0 (24.7–36.6)

Standard (PA): enoxaparin (1 mg/kg QD) or0.5 mg/kg BID

86

63.5 (30–85)

58

30.7 (27.2–35.8)