Fig. 2

The causal effect of VEGF on the risk of VTE, DVT_PE and DVT estimated using five MR methods. A: VEGF to VTE; B: VEGF to DVT_PE; C: VEGF to DVT. The causal effect from VEGF to VTE, DVT_PE and DVT was expressed as OR per unit. Error bars represent the 95% CIs of the estimates. CAUSE recruited independent instrumental SNPs with GWAS p-value < 1 × 10^− 3. SNP: single-nucleotide polymorphism; GWAS: genome-wide association study; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; VTE: venous thromboembolism; DVT_PE: deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism; DVT: DVT of the lower extremities; IVW: inverse-variance weighted; WM: weighted median; PWM: penalty weighted median; CAUSE: causal analysis using summary effect estimates; OR: odds ratio; CIs: confidence intervals; MR: Mendelian randomization