Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients in the internal cohort

Age (yr)

60.79 ± 11.57

Sex, n (%)

 female

114(34.13)

 male

220(65.87)

BMI(kg/m²)

22.73 ± 3.36

Drinking, n (%)

 No

220(65.87)

 Yes

114(34.13)

Smoking, n (%)

 No

239(71.56)

 Yes

95(28.44)

Comorbidities

 Liver disease, n (%)

  No

35(10.48)

  Cirrhosis

149(44.61)

  Hepatic carcinoma

150(44.91)

 Extrahepatic disease, n (%)

  No

232(69.46)

  Extrahepatic malignant carcinoma

67(20.06)

  Acute abdominal infection

24(7.19)

  Others

11(3.29)

 Current gastrointestinal bleeding, n (%)

  NO

267(79.94)

  YES

67(20.06)

 History of gastrointestinal bleeding, n (%)

  NO

258(77.25)

  YES

76(22.75)

 History of abdominal infection, n (%)

  NO

164(49.10)

  YES

170(50.90)

 History of anticoagulants, n (%)

  NO

304(91.02)

  YES

30(8.98)

 History of hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)

  NO

326(97.60)

  YES

8(2.40)

 History of abdominal infection, n (%)

  NO

154(46.11)

  YES

180(53.89)

 History of blood transfusion, n (%)

  NO

250(74.85)

  YES

84(25.15)

 History of anti-hypertensive drugs, n (%)

  NO

251(75.15)

  YES

13(3.89)

 Atrial fibrillation, n (%)

  NO

316(94.61)

  YES

18(5.39)

 Coronary heart disease, n (%)

  NO

309(92.51)

  YES

25(7.49)

 Cerebral infarction, n (%)

  NO

305(91.32)

  YES

29(8.68)

 Diabetes, n (%)

  NO

240(71.86)

  YES

94(28.14)

The site of thrombus involvement

 Main portal vein, n (%)

  NO

86(25.75)

  YES

248(74.25)

 Portal branch, n (%)

  NO

126(37.72)

  YES

208(62.28)

 Mesenteric vein, n (%)

  NO

252(75.45)

  YES

82(24.55)

 Splenic vein, n (%)

  NO

283(84.73)

  YES

51(15.27)

 Others, n (%)

  NO

299(89.52)

  YES

35(10.48)

Esophageal varices, n (%)

 NO

133(39.82)

 YES

201(60.18)

Degree of esophageal varices, n (%)

 mild

24(7.19)

 moderate

74(22.16)

 severe

103(30.84)

Red color sign, n (%)

 NO

274(82.04)

 YES

60(17.96)

History of endoscopic operation, n (%)

 NO

283(84.73)

 YES

51(15.27)

Ascites, n (%)

 NO

161(48.20)

 YES

173(51.80)

Splenomegaly, n (%)

 NO

153(45.81)

 YES

181(54.19)

CTP classification, n (%)

 Level A

172(51.50)

 Level B

135(40.42)

 Level C

27(8.08)

Laboratory findings

 PT(s), n (%)

  ≤ 12.1

43(12.87)

  > 12.1

291(87.13)

 INR, n (%)

  0.8–1.5

308(92.22)

  > 1.5

26(7.78)

 D-dimer(mg/L), n (%)

  ≤ 0.55

25(7.49)

  > 0.55

309(92.51)

 WBC(× 10⁹/L), n (%)

  3.5–9.5

191(57.19)

  < 3.5

85(25.45)

  > 9.5

58(17.37)

 NEUT(× 10⁹/L), n (%)

  1.8–6.3

125(37.43)

  < 1.8

176(52.69)

  > 6.3

33(9.88)

 LYMPH(× 10⁹/L), n (%)

  1.1–3.2

115(34.43)

  < 1.1

215(64.37)

  > 3.2

4(1.20)

 RBC(× 10¹²/L), n (%)

  < 3.8

176(52.69)

  ≥ 3.8

158(47.31)

 HB(g/L), n (%)

  < 115

194(58.08)

  ≥ 115

140(41.92)

 HCT(%), n (%)

  < 35

195(58.38)

  ≥ 35

139(41.62)

 PLT(× 10⁹/L), n (%)

  < 125

155(46.41)

  ≥ 125

179(53.59)

 CRP(mg/L), n (%)

  ≤ 5

88(26.35)

  > 5

246(73.65)

 ALB(g/L), n (%)

  < 40

262(78.44)

  ≥ 40

72(21.56)

 ALT(U/L), n (%)

  ≤ 40

226(67.66)

  > 40

108(32.34)

 AST(U/L), n (%)

  ≤ 35

146(43.71)

  > 35

188(56.29)

 TBIL(μmol/L), n (%)

  ≤ 21

183(54.79)

  > 21

151(45.21)

 DBIL(μmol/L), n (%)

  ≤ 10.2

167(50.00)

  > 10.2

167(50.00)

 GGT(U/L), n (%)

  ≤ 45

111(33.23)

  > 45

223(66.77)

 ALP(U/L), n (%)

  ≤ 100

151(45.21)

  > 100

183(54.79)

 LDH(U/L), n (%)

  ≤ 250

187(55.99)

  > 250

147(44.01)

 SCR(μmol/L), n (%)

  ≤ 92

277(82.93)

  > 92

57(17.07)

 BUN(ng/mL), n (%)

  ≤ 6.1

220(65.87)

  > 6.1

114(34.13)

 UA(μmol/L), n (%)

  ≤ 369

258(77.25)

  > 369

76(22.75)

 TC(mmol/L), n (%)

  ≤ 6.22

328(98.20)

  > 6.22

6(1.80)

 TG(mmol/L), n (%)

  ≤ 2.26

302(90.42)

  > 2.26

32(9.58)

 HDL(mmol/L), n (%)

  < 1.15

236(70.66)

  ≥ 1.15

98(29.34)

 LDL(mmol/L), n (%)

  ≤ 4.14

184(55.09)

  > 4.14

150(44.91)

 K(mmol/L), n (%)

  3.5–5.1

258(77.25)

  < 3.5

68(20.36)

  > 5.1

8(2.40)

 Na(mmol/L), n (%)

  137–145

214(64.07)

  < 137

109(32.63)

  > 145

11(3.29)

 AFP(mmol/L), n (%)

  ≤ 7

230(68.86)

  > 7

104(31.14)

Treatment and symptoms after diagnosis of PVT

 Hepatic encephalopathy, n (%)

  NO

309(92.51)

  YES

25(7.49)

 Endoscope ligation, n (%)

  NO

323(96.71)

  YES

11(3.29)

 Splenectomy, n (%)

  NO

305(91.32)

  YES

29(8.68)

 Abdominal infection, n (%)

  NO

302(90.42)

  YES

32(9.58)

 Blood transfusion, n (%)

  NO

266(79.64)

  YES

68(20.36)

 Abdominal surgery, n (%)

  NO

259(77.54)

  YES

75(22.46)

 Thrombolytic therapy, n (%)

  NO

249(74.55)

  anticoagulants

57(17.07)

  anticoagulants

28(8.38)

The drugs of thrombolytic therapy, n (%)

 Anticoagulant drugs

  low molecular weight heparin

32(37.65)

  warfarin

18(21.18)

  rivaroxaban

7(8.24)

 Antiplatelet drugs

  aspirin

26(30.59)

  clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate

2(2.34)