Rivaroxaban and other novel oral anticoagulants: pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects, specific patient populations and relevance of coagulation monitoring

Table 1 Pharmacokinetic parameters (median values) of rivaroxaban, apixaban and dabigatran in healthy adults

Agent	F_abs, %	C_max, ng/ml	AUC, ng · h/ml	t_max, h	t_½, h	V_d, l	CL/F, l/h	Plasma protein binding, %	Renal excretion of unchanged drug, %
Rivaroxaban	80–100 [3]	141* [17]	1020* [17]	2–4 [3]	5–13 [3]	50 [3]	10 [3]	92–95 [3]	33 [3]
Apixaban	50 [5]	460^†[23]	4100^†[23]	3–4 [5]	12 [5]	21 [5]	3 [5]	87 [5]	27 [5]
Dabigatran	6.5 [6]	110^‡[24]	900^‡[24]	1–2 [6]	12–17 [6]	60–70 [6]	105–170 [24]	34–35 [6]	85 [25]

*With 10 mg oral dose.
^†With 20 mg oral dose.
^‡With 150 mg oral dose.
Values rounded to nearest integer.
AUC area under the concentration–time curve, CL/F apparent clearance, C_max maximum plasma concentration, F_abs absolute bioavailability, t_max time to maximum concentration, t_½ apparent half-life, V_d volume of distribution at steady state.

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