Fig. 2

Effects of surgery on DC marker expression in placebo-and TXA-treated patients. The effects of surgery on the expression immune-stimulating and immunosuppressive markers on DC subsets were determined in placebo-treated and TXA-treated patients by flowcytometry. In placebo-treated patients, surgery induced a significant reduction in the expression intensity of HLA-DR on CD141+ cDC at POD-1 (B), yet an increase in CD83 at the EOS time point (G). In CD1c + cDC’s, an increased expression of CD83 at EOS (N), and also of the migration marker CCR4 at POD-1 (J), and of TNFR2 on POD-3 (M) was detected. In TXA-treated patients, a reduction in the expression of HLA-DR (B) as well as CCR7 (D), and an increase in CD83 (G) on CD141+ cDC could be observed postoperatively. Similarly, in CD1c + cDC attenuated expression of HLA-DR (H) and CCR7 (L), but an increase of TNFR2 (M) and CD83 (N) was present. HLA-DR expression was also decreased in pDC in TXA-treated patients (P). Data are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean. Placebo n = 4, TXA n = 14; comparisons with preOP, repeated measures one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s correction test for multiple comparisons. preOP: pre-operative, EOS: end of surgery, POD-1: post-operative day 1, POD-3: post-operative day 3, cDC: conventional dendritic cells, pDC: plasmacytoid dendritic cells, monos: monocytes, MFI: mean fluorescence intensity