Fig. 1
From: Intercellular adhesion molecule 4 and ischemic stroke: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
An overview of the present mendelian randomization study design. The assumption is that (1) instrumental variables are associated with intercellular adhesion molecule 4 levels, (2) instrumental variables are not associated with confounders, (3) and instrumental variables affect ischemic stroke or its subtypes only through the effects on intercellular adhesion molecule 4 levels
Abbreviations: SNP, single-nucleotide polymorphism; IVW, inverse-variance weighted; MR-RAPS, mendelian randomization robust adjusted profile score