Fig. 3
From: Circulating LPS from gut microbiota leverages stenosis-induced deep vein thrombosis in mice
Treatment of mice with prebiotics or probiotics enhances the gut barrier and reduces the levels of circulating LPS. (A-C) Intestinal tissues were collected from control (CON) and XOS-treated mice. The expression levels of tight junction markers (Occludin and ZO-1) were examined using both Western blotting (A) and histological IHC staining (B & C). (D-F) Intestinal tissues were collected from CON and BLE-treated mice. The expression levels of tight junction markers (Occludin and ZO-1) were examined using both Western blotting (D) and histological IHC staining (E & F). IHC images were captured using a 40× objective. (G & H) The levels of LPS and TMAO in plasma of CON and XOS-fed mice were quantified by the limulus amebocyte lysate assay and LC-MS/MS, respectively. (I & J) The levels of LPS and TMAO in plasma of CON and BLE-treated mice were quantified by the limulus amebocyte lysate assay and LC-MS/MS, respectively. (K) Mice were fed with XOS and then the levels of LPS were restored by treating mice with a low dose of LPS (50 ng/kg). (L-N) The partial IVC ligation procedure was performed on mice fed with XOS with or without LPS treatment. After 6 h, the formed thrombi in the IVC of these mice were quantified, imaged, and compared (n = 15). Data are presented as mean ± SD. (*, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01)