Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Male sex, n (%)

2709 (46.4%)

1225 (40.3%)

1484 (52.9%)

< 0.001

Age, years

51.5 ± 8.5

51.2 ± 8.5

51.9 ± 8.4

0.001

BMI, kg/m²

24.6 ± 3.1

24.0 ± 3.1

25.3 ± 2.9

< 0.001

WC, cm

82.5 ± 8.7

80.3 ± 8.8

85.0 ± 7.9

< 0.001

MBP, mmHg

96.2 ± 12.9

94.3 ± 12.8

98.2 ± 12.8

< 0.001

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.001

Never smoker

3628 (62.9%)

2050 (68.5%)

1578 (56.8%)

Ex-smoker

875 (15.2%)

415 (13.9%)

460 (16.6%)

Intermittent smoker

123 (2.1%)

66 (2.2%)

57 (2.1%)

Daily smoker

1145 (19.8%)

462 (15.4%)

683 (24.6%)

Current drinker, n (%)

2781 (48.0%)

1362 (45.2%)

1419 (50.9%)

< 0.001

Physical activity, n (%)

< 0.001

Low

413 (7.3%)

211 (7.2%)

202 (7.4%)

Moderate

3418 (60.7%)

1806 (61.8%)

1612 (59.4%)

High

1804 (32.0%)

906 (31.0%)

898 (33.1%)

FPG, mg/dL

86.5 ± 19.6

83.9 ± 14.8

89.4 ± 23.4

< 0.001

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

190.5 ± 34.5

185.6 ± 32.5

195.8 ± 35.8

< 0.001

Triglyceride, mg/dL

160.0 ± 103.1

126.6 ± 62.8

196.1 ± 123.9

< 0.001

HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

44.7 ± 9.9

47.8 ± 10.2

41.3 ± 8.4

< 0.001

LDL cholesterol, mg/dL

115.1 ± 30.9

112.8 ± 29.4

117.7 ± 32.3

< 0.001

CRP, mg/dL

0.2 ± 0.5

0.2 ± 0.4

0.3 ± 0.7

< 0.001

Total energy intake, kcal/day

1968.0 ± 700.6

1973.0 ± 721.1

1962.6 ± 677.8

< 0.001

HTN, n (%)

2130 (36.5%)

942 (31.0%)

1188 (42.3%)

< 0.001

DM, n (%)

656 (11.2%)

225 (7.4%)

431 (15.4%)

< 0.001

Dyslipidemia, n (%)

2755 (47.2%)

946 (31.2%)

1809 (64.4%)

< 0.001