Table 2 Risk-of-bias assessment in 11 studies using ROBINS-I
Author | Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants into the study | Bias in classification of interventions | Bias due to deviations from intended interventions | Bias due to missing data | Bias in measurement of outcomes | Bias in selection of the reported result | Overall |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sakurai 2013 | Critical | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Moderate | Critical |
Sawano 2013 | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Moderate | Serious |
Takehara 2014 | Critical | Moderate | Low | Moderate | NI | Low | Moderate | Critical |
Hosomi 2014 | Critical | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Critical | Low | Moderate | Critical |
Iba 2017 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Moderate | Serious |
Umemura 2018 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | NI | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Morita 2019 | Critical | Moderate | Low | Moderate | NI | Low | Moderate | Critical |
Suzuki 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | NI | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Umegaki 2020 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | NI | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
Iba 2016a | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Moderate | Serious |
Iba 2016b | Serious | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Serious | Low | Moderate | Serious |