Skip to main content
Download PDF

Risk factors of thrombosis in Chinese subjects with acute promyelocytic leukemia

Thrombosis Journal volume 19, Article number: 42 (2021) Cite this article

Abstract

Background

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a special type of acute myeloid leukemia Thrombosis is at increased risk complication in patients with this disease. However, the risk factors of thrombosis related to Chinese APL patients are not fully understood.

Methods

In this study, clinical and laboratory data of 44 consecutively Chinese APL patients were collected and analyzed.

Results

One arterial and 6 venous thrombosis occurred in 44 patients, including 22 males and 22 females, with a median age of 44 years (range from 18 to 74 years). The ratio of male and female gender, age, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, platelets, disease risk stratification, CD2, Khorana score, differentiation syndrome (DS) and gene mutation related to prognosis of APL, including DNMT3A, TET2, IDH1, IDH2, NRAS and ASXL1 in the two groups with and without thrombosis were not statistically significant. The detection rate of PAI-1 genotype 4G4G was 71.4% (5/7) in 7 patients with thrombosis, while the detection rate of PAI-1 genotype 4G4G in 37 patients without thrombosis was 8.1% (3/37). The differences between the two groups in WT-1 (P = 0.01), PAI-1 4G4G (P = 0.0009), bcr3 (P = 0.027), CD15 (P = 0.005), and FLT3-ITD mutation (P = 0.0008) were statistically significant. Using multivariate analysis, the risk factors of venous thrombosis in APL were CD15 (P = 0.043), PAI-1 4G4G (P = 0.009), WT-1 (P = 0.043) and FLT3/ITD (P = 0.013), respectively.

Conclusion

Our results suggested the PAI-1 gene 4G4G type, CD15, WT-1 and FLT3-ITD mutations excluding DNMT3A, TET2, IDH1/2, NRAS and ASXL1 are risk factors of thrombotic events in Chinese APL patients.

Introduction

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a special type of acute myeloid leukemia with cytogenetic characteristics of t (15; 17) (q22; q21) formation the PML/RARa fusion gene [1,2,3]. APL is a kind of leukemia with dangerous prognosis in early phase [4]. Clinical manifestations of acute leukemia, including anemia, hemorrhage, infection, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, bone pain, etc. [5, 6], are commonly found in APL. Among them, bleeding tendency is the most significant clinical manifestation of APL patients, and also the primary factor for early death of APL patients [7,8,9,10]. In addition, the incidence of thrombotic events (TE) in APL is higher than that in other types of leukemia, and the incidence of arterial and venous thrombosis is reported to be between 2% and 10–15% according to previous data documented [11,12,13,14]. APL venous thrombosis can occur in deep veins, cerebral venous sinus, portal vein, and hepatic vein, while APL arterial thrombosis occurs mostly in peripheral arterial occlusion, myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke [15].

Therefore, it is very important to evaluate the risk of thrombosis in the early stage of acute promyelocytic leukemia, especially in the process of induced differentiation and other treatment, which helps clinical doctors provide intervention treatment to reduce complications.

At present, with regard to the risk factors of APL related thrombotic events, limited research results showed that they could be related to high leukocyte, CD2/CD15 positive, FLT3/ITD positive, PML/RARa fusion gene variant, retinoic acid syndrome, high platelet count and male [16,17,18]. However, the epidemiology and risk factors of APL related thrombotic events have not been fully discovered. Thus, through a single center retrospective study, we characterized the clinical information of 44 patients with newly diagnosed APL, analyzed the risk factors of APL related thrombotic events, and provided strategies for better clinical treatment of APL patients.

Patients and methods

Forty-four newly diagnosed APL patients were consecutively enrolled from Department of Hematology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from January 2013 to December 2019. The study was approved by informed consent of patients and hospital ethics committee. All patients were diagnosed by cytomorphology, immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular biology, including conventional G-banding assay for t (15;17) (q22; q12), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for detection of PML-RARA fusion transcripts. The FLT3/ITD and WT1 gene mutations and epigenetic modifier genes (EMG) mutations related to prognosis of APL were detected in 44 patients by PCR and next generation sequencing (NGS). Four color flow cytometry (FACS-calibur, BD, USA) was used to detect the surface antigens of leukemia cells. Monoclonal antibodies were HLA-DR, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD9, CD10, CD11b, CD13, CD14, CD15, CD16, CD19, CD20, CD22, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD56, CD64, CD71, CD117, CD123, MPO and CD45.

All patients were treated with all-trans retinoic acid plus anthracyclines and/or arsenic trioxide. During the induction treatment, the platelet count of patients was controlled above 30 × 109/L by infusion of platelets, and the fibrinogen level was controlled above 1.5 g/L by fresh frozen plasma infusion. The patients did not use antifibrinolytic drugs, such as tranexamic acid, and did not have a central venous catheter during the induction therapy.

Detection of coagulation related parameters

The activated prothrombin time (APTT), prothrombin time (PT) and fibrinogen were detected by Automatic Coagulation Analyzer (Sysmex Corporation, Japan). D-dimer was measured by immunoturbidimetry. The normal range of them is shown as follows: APTT 25–35 s, PT 6–14 s, fibrinogen 2–4 g /L and D-dimer 0–0.5 μg/ml.

Detection of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene polymorphism

Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene 4G/5G polymorphism was performed in 7 APL patients with TE and 37 APL patients without TE as previously described [19].

Detection of thrombosis and bleeding events

From the day of admission to our department to the last day of follow-up, the thrombotic events and bleeding of APL patients were evaluated and recorded. Bleeding severity classification criteria was assessed using the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) bleeding assessment tool [20]. Symptomatic or asymptomatic thrombosis originating from vein and artery was confirmed by imaging techniques. Such as, deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and cerebral infarction was performed by Color Doppler Vascular Ultrasound and Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) image, respectively.

Treatment of thrombotic diseases

In the acute phase of venous thrombosis, under the condition of ensuring platelets value > 30 × 109/L and fibrinogen > 1.5 g/l, patients received the intravenous injection of heparin for 2 weeks and then received warfarin sequential therapy for another 3 months. During the short-term treatment of thrombosis, the warfarin dosage was adjusted based on the international normalized ratio (INR) value. Antiplatelet drugs were used in the treatment of arterial thrombosis, and the platelet count was maintained > 100 × 109/L during treatment. Three months of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy, the recanalization of blood vessels of patients would be detected by Color Doppler Ultrasound and CT or MRI image [20, 21].

Statistical analysis

We used chi square and Fisher’s exact method to analyze the relationship between variables, by which P < 0.05 is considered statistically significant. The differences between groups were analyzed by log rank test. Univariate Cox proportional regression model and Multivariate Cox Proportional Regression model were used to identify risk factors. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by social science statistical software package.

Results

The study population included 44 APL patients, 22 (50%) males and 22 (50%) females with a median age of 42 years (range 18–74 years). These population were all newly diagnosed APL patients admitted to our department from January 2013 to December 2019 and received treatment according to the PETHEMA APL99 protocol. Among them, 7 APL patients had thrombotic events, none of them had previous history of thrombosis and family history of thrombosis. One patient had arterial thrombosis (2.3%) and 6 patients had venous thrombosis (13.6%). No APL patients showed the symptoms of bleeding and thrombosis simultaneously. The clinical characteristics of APL patients with thrombotic events were shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Presenting characteristics of APL patients who developed thrombotic events
Full size table

Thrombotic events in patients with APL

The rate of arterial thrombosis was 1/44 (2.3%), this patient was a female, aged 53 years, when the disease was first diagnosed, she felt weakness of the limbs. There was no history of thrombosis, hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia of the female patient. The cerebral infarction of the patient was confirmed by CT and MRI, and then she was treated with antiplatelet drug. The rate of VTE was 6/44 (13.6%), the ratio of male to female was 4/2, and the median age was 37 years (22–67 years). Venous thrombosis occurred in 6 cases of lower extremity venous thrombosis, among which 4 cases occurred on the left and 2 cases on the right. All of those cases occurred during the induction of all-trans retinoic acid after diagnosed. The median time to diagnosis of thrombotic events was 14 days (9–26 days). Six patients with venous thrombosis were treated with unfractionated heparin (UFH) anticoagulation under the premise of platelet and fibrinogen supplementation and treated with sequential administration of warfarin later. After anticoagulant therapy for 2 weeks, the symptoms and signs related to thrombosis were improved. Moreover, serious bleeding and recurrent TE have not been observed during the 3 months of anticoagulant therapy.

The clinical characteristics of the two groups of APL patients with thrombotic events were shown in Table 2. There was no significant difference between the two groups in gender ratio (P = 0.68), age (P = 0.823), white blood cell count (P = 0.077), hemoglobin (P = 0.409), platelet (P = 0.334), disease risk stratification (P = 0.475), CD2 (P = 0.737) and differentiation syndrome (P = 0.562). There were significant differences between the two groups in PAI-1 4G4G (P = 0.0009), bcr3 (P = 0.027), CD15 (P = 0.005). To demonstrate that whether additional gene mutations involved in thrombotic events in APL patients, we analyzed the results of gene mutation related to prognosis of APL (See Table 3). There were significant differences between the two groups in WT-1 (P = 0 .01) and FLT3-ITD muations (P = 0.0008), excluding DNMT3A (P = 0.44), TET2 (P = 0.43), IDH1 (P = 0.6), IDH2 (P = 0.66), NRAS (P = 0.66), ASXL1 (P = 0.9). In Multivariate Cox Proportional Regression, as shown in Table 4, the risk factors of venous TE were CD15 (P = 0.043, OR 17.35, 95% CI 1.093–275.406), WT-1 (P = 0.043, OR 9.14, 95% CI 1.072–77.825) and FLT3-ITD mutations (P = 0.013, OR 21.89, 95% CI 1.938–247.176), respectively. As shown in Table 5, a total of 2 (4.5%), 16 (36.4%), 24 (54.5%), 2 (4.5%) of APL patients had a Khorana score of 0, 1, 2, 3, respectively. However, there were no statistically significance between two groups with thrombosis and without thrombosis.

Table 2 Comparison of characteristics in APL patients with and without thrombosis
Full size table
Table 3 Comparison of gene mutation related to prognosis of APL patients with and without thrombosis
Full size table
Table 4 Multivariate analysis using CD15 positive and PAI-1 gene 4G4G polymorphism in APL patients with and without thrombosis
Full size table
Table 5 Comparison of Khorana score in APL patients with and without thrombosis
Full size table

Additionally, risk factors of hereditary thrombophilia, including antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, antiphospholipid antibodies, lupus anticoagulant and homocysteine, were evaluated in these 7 APL patients with thrombotic events. However, these risk factors of thrombophilia were not identified. The detection rate of PAI-1 genotype 4G4G was 71.4% (5/7) in 7 APL patients with thrombotic events, while the detection rate of PAI-1 genotype 4G4G in APL patients without thrombotic events was 8.1% (3/37). There was significantly statistical difference between the two groups regarding whether thrombotic events occurred or not (P = 0.0009). Moreover, in Multivariate Cox Proportional Regression, the risk factor of venous thrombosis was PAI-1 4G4G (P = 0.009, OR 25.2, 95% CI 2.218–286.483), suggesting a high-risk factor related to thrombotic event.

Discussion

Our results showed that the rate of APL arterial thrombosis was lower than that of venous thrombosis (2.3% vs 13.6%). Venous thrombosis occurred in the disease induction treatment phase. The median time of thrombotic events occurred 14 days (range 9–26 days). Six patients with venous thrombosis were given heparin anticoagulant therapy under the premise of platelet and fibrinogen supplementation, leading to the complete recanalization of the vein, while no serious bleeding events being observed. The rate of venous thrombosis is consistent with the data reported in the previous literature [16]. Other studies showed that the rate of APL related thrombotic events increased from 2% before the adoption of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) to 4.5–15% after the adoption of ATRA [22,23,24].

Currently, the risk factor of thrombosis in APL patients has not been fully discovered. Previous studies reported that these factors increased the risk of APL thrombosis, including male, high score performance status (PS), high white blood cell count and platelet count, low fibrinogen levels, hypoalbuminemia, PML/RARa fusion gene variant, CD2/CD15 and FLT3-ITD positive.

Our results showed that there was no significant difference between thrombotic events and gender ratio, age, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, platelets, disease risk stratification and CD2. In addition, PML/RARa (bcr3) and CD15 were statistically significant. Moreover, in Multivariate Cox Proportional Regression, the risk factor of venous thrombosis in APL was CD15 (P = 0.043, OR 17.35, 95% CI 1.093-275.406), suggesting high-risk factors associated with thrombotic events.

In order to further explore whether the risk factors for hereditary thrombosis are involved in the event of APL thrombosis, we detected antithrombin III, protein C, protein S, antiphospholipid antibodies and homocysteine in 7 APL patients with thrombotic events. However, the results showed no positive clinical significance, suggesting that thrombotic events in 7 APL patients did not involve genetic thrombophilia.

PAI-1 is a key regulator of endogenous fibrinolytic activity [25]. It is reported that the 4G/5G polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene affects plasma levels of PAI-1 [26]. The 4G/4G genotype is associated with higher plasma PAI-1 activity, which can lead to impaired fibrinolysis, thus increasing the risk of thrombosis [27, 28]. Previous study reported that PAI-1 gene 4G/4G in APL patients receiving ATRA treatment showed high PAI-1 level in vivo and increased the frequency of APL related thrombotic events [8]. Mitrovic M et al. demonstrated [16] that the PAI 4G/4G was five and two times more frequent in Serbia population with APL-related venous and arterial TE than in those without TE (P = 0.05). Similarly, results of this study showed that PAI-1 4G/4G was detected in 71.4% (5/7) of 7 patients with thrombosis, and PAI-1 gene polymorphism was 4G/5G (28.6%, 2/7) in 2 patients. The detection rate of PAI-1 4G/4G in the patients without thrombotic events was 8.1% (3/37), and the difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0009). In Multivariate Cox Proportional Regression, the risk factor of venous thrombosis was PAI-1 4G4G (P = 0.009, OR 25.2, 95% CI 2.218-286.483), suggesting a high-risk factor related to thrombotic event.

Thrombotic events are significant complications in malignant patients. Thrombosis risk is well defined in patients with solid tumors, and Khorana score is well validated for these patients. However, the value of Khorana scoring system in predicting the thrombotic events risk of hematological malignant diseases remains to be evaluated [29, 30]. Hence, we conducted a retrospective study to validate the use of the Khorana score for thrombotic events in APL patients. The results of our study showed that the Khorana score of all APL patients with thrombotic events were 1 and 2, and there was no significant difference between the two groups.

Lee YG et al. [31] suggested that advanced age and increasing cytogenetic risk were the independent risk factors of VTE after retrospectively analyzing 811 consecutive AML patients. The expression of additional gene mutations was correlated with the pathogenesis and prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia. Recently, APL patients with epigenetic modifier genes (EMG) mutations may exert negative impact on the overall survival and disease-free survival [32]. However, the possible of EMG mutations on the risk of VTE in APL patients has not been confirmed. We have analyzed the results of EMG mutations related to prognosis of APL. As shown in Table 3, there were significant differences between the two groups in WT-1 and FLT3-ITD mutations, excluding DNMT3A, TET2, IDH1, IDH2, NRAS and ASXL1. Moreover, in Multivariate Cox Proportional Regression, the risk factors of venous thrombosis in APL were WT-1 (P = 0.043, OR 9.14, 95% CI 1.072-77.825) and FLT3/ITD (P = 0.013, OR 21.89, 95% CI 1.938-247.176), respectively (Table 4). These results suggested that WT-1 and FLT3/ITD mutations were the risk factors of thrombotic events in APL patients.

Conclusions

In conclusion, this study showed that the rate of thrombotic events in Chinese APL patients is consistent with the data reported previously. The WT-1 and FLT3/ITD mutations, PAI-1 gene 4G4G, CD15 positive expression are the risk factors of thrombotic events in Chinese APL patients. A better knowledge of risk factors of thrombosis is crucial to improve the management and outcome of thrombotic events in APL. However, the relatively small sample size and retrospective design are the limitations of this study. In addition, due to retrospective features, we have not performed a cumulative frequency analysis of thrombotic events in Chinese APL patients in our center, and it remains to be further explored in well designed clinical trials.

References

  1. Wang ZY, Chen Z. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: from highly fatal to highly curable. Blood. 2008;111(5):2505–15. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-07-102798.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. de Thé H, Pandolfi PP, Chen Z. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: a paradigm for oncoprotein-targeted cure. Cancer Cell. 2017;32(5):552–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2017.10.002.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Sanz MA, Lo-Coco F. Modern approaches to treating acute promyelocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29(5):495–503. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2010.32.1067.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Yanada M, Matsushita T, Asou N, Kishimoto Y, Tsuzuki M, Maeda Y, et al. Severe hemorrhagic complications during remission induction therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia: incidence, risk factors, and influence on outcome. Eur J Haematol. 2007;78(3):213–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00803.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Tallman MS, Abutalib SA, Altman JK. The double hazard of thrombophilia and bleeding in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2007;33(4):330–8. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-976168.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kayser S, Schlenk RF, Platzbecker U. Management of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2018;32(6):1277–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-018-0139-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Breccia M, Lo Coco F. Thrombo-hemorrhagic deaths in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Thromb Res. 2014;133(Suppl. 2):S112–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-3848(14)50019-9.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Sanz MA, Montesinos P. Open issues on bleeding and thrombosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Thromb Res. 2010;125(Suppl. 2):S51–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0049-3848(10)70013-X.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Rees D, Grimwade D, Langabeer S, Burnett A, Goldstone A. Influence of genetic predisposition to thrombosis on natural history of acute promyelocytic leukaemia.MRC adult leukaemia working party. Br J Haematol. 1997;96(3):490–2. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2141.1997.d01-2063.x.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rajpurkar M, Alonzo TA, Wang YC, Gerbing RB, Gamis AS, Feusner JH, et al. Risk markers for significant bleeding and thrombosis in pediatric acute promyelocytic leukemia; report from the children’s oncology group study AAML0631. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2019;41(1):51–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0000000000001280.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. De Stefano V, Sora F, Rossi E, Chiusolo P, Laurenti L, Fianchi L, et al. The risk of thrombosis in patients with acute leukemia: occurrence of thrombosis at diagnosis and during treatment. J Thromb Haemost. 2005;3(9):1985–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01467.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Breccia M, Avvisati G, Latagliata R, Carmosino I, Guarini A, De Propris MS, et al. Occurrence of thrombotic events in acute promyelocytic leukemia correlates with consistent immunophenotypic and molecular features. Leukemia. 2007;21(1):79–83. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.leu.2404377.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ku GH, White RH, Chew HK, Harvey DJ, Zhou H, Wun T. Venous thromboembolism in patients with acute leukemia: incidence, risk factors, and effect on survival. Blood. 2009;113(17):3911–7. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-08-175745.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Chang H, Kuo MC, Shih LY, Wu JH, Lin TL, Dunn P, et al. Acute promyelocytic leukemia-associated thrombosis. Acta Haematol. 2013;130(1):1–6. https://doi.org/10.1159/000345833.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Rashidi A, Silverberg ML, Conkling PR, Fisher SI. Thrombosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Thromb Res. 2013;131:281–9.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Mitrovic M, Suvajdzic N, Elezovic I, Bogdanovic A, Djordjevic V, Miljic P, et al. Thrombotic events in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Thromb Res. 2015;135(4):588–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2014.11.026.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Choudhry A, DeLoughery TG. Bleeding and thrombosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2012;87(6):596–603. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.23158.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Dally N, Hoffman R, Haddad N, Sarig G, Rowe JM, Brenner B. Predictive factors of bleeding and thrombosis during induction therapy in acute promyelocytic leukemia-a single center experience in 34 patients. Thromb Res. 2005;116(2):109–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2004.11.001.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Tsantes AE, Nikolopoulos GK, Bagos PG, Rapti E, Mantzios G, Kapsimali V, et al. Association between the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G polymorphism and venous thrombosis. A meta analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2007;97(06):907–13. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH06-12-0745.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kaatz S, Ahmad D, Spyropoulos AC, Schulman S, Subcommittee on Control of Anticoagulation. Definition of clinically relevant non-major bleeding in studies of anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolic disease in non-surgical patients: communication from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13:2119–26.

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Sanz MA, Fenaux P, Tallman MS, Estey EH, Lowenberg B, Naoe T, et al. Management of acute promyelocytic leukemia: undated recommendations from an expert panel of the European LeukemiaNet. Blood. 2019;133(15):1630–43. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-01-894980.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  22. Park JH, Qiao B, Panageas KS, Schymura MJ, Jurcic JG, Rosenblat TL, et al. Early death rate in acute promyelocytic leukemia remains high despite all-trans retinoic acid. Blood. 2011;118(5):1248–54. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2011-04-346437.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. Montesinos P, de la Serna J, Vellenga E, Rayon C, Bergua J, Parody R, et al. Incidence and risk factors for thrombosis in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Experience of the PETHEMA LPA96 and LPA99 protocols. Blood. 2011;108(Suppl. 1):1503.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kekre N, Connors JM. Venous thromboembolism incidence in hematologic malignancies. Blood Rev. 2019;33:24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2018.06.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Andreas F, Ralph D, Rich SS, Jenny NS, Tracy RP, Haffner SM. Promoter (4G/5G) plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 genotype and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 levels in blacks, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Circulation. 2003;107:2422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Balta G, Altay C, Gurgey A. PAI-1 gene 4G/5G genotype: a risk factor for thrombosis in vessels of internal organs. Am J Hematol. 2010;71:89–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Koji Y, Kyosuke T, Tetsuhito K, Junki T, Hidehiko S. Aging and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) regulation: implication in the pathogenesis of thrombotic disorders in the elderly. Cardiovasc Res. 2005;66:276–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Chen H, Nie S, Lu M. Association between plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 gene polymorphisms and recurrent pregnancy loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2015;73(4):292–300. https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12321.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Boucher MO, Smitherman AB, Pahl KS, Rao KW, Deal AM, Blatt J. RUNX1 amplification increases the risk for thrombosis in children with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2016;38(3):e125–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPH.0000000000000545.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Mirza AS, Yun S, Ali NA, Shin H, O’Neil JL, Elharake M, et al. Validation of the Khorana score in acute myeloid leukemia patients: a single-institution experience. Thromb J. 2019;17(1):13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12959-019-0202-z.

    CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Lee YG, Kim I, Kwon JH, Yoon SS, Park S, Song L, et al. Implications of cytogenetics for venous thromboembolism in acute myeloid leukaemia. Thromb Haemost. 2015;113(1):201–8. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH13-12-1020.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Shen Y, Fu YK, Zhu YM, Lou YJ, Gu ZH, Shi JY, et al. Mutations of epigenetic modifier genes as a poor prognostic factor in acute promyelocytic leukemia under treatment with all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide. EBioMedicine. 2015;2(6):563–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.04.006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

All the authors would like to thank patients who shared their time and agreed to participate in this study.

Funding

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2018 J01278) and Collaborative Innovation Center for Maternal and Infant Health Service Application Technology of Fujian Province (XJM1805).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Hematology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 34 Zhongshan North Road, Quanzhou, 362000, Fujian Province, China

    Xueya Zhang & Xizhe Guo

Authors
  1. Xueya Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Xizhe Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceived and designed the study: XYZ, XZG; Conducted study procedures (patient recruitment, blood sampling): XYZ; Collected data: XYZ; Analysed the data: XYZ; Interpreted the results: XYZ; Wrote the first draft of the manuscript: XYZ; Contributed to the writing of the manuscript: XYZ, XZG. The author(s) read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xueya Zhang.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Consent for publication

Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

Competing interests

The authors declared that they have no conflicting interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhang, X., Guo, X. Risk factors of thrombosis in Chinese subjects with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Thrombosis J 19, 42 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12959-021-00294-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12959-021-00294-7

Keywords

  • Acute promyelocytic leukemia
  • Thrombotic events
  • Khorana score
  • PAI-1
  • FLT3/ITD

Thrombosis Journal

ISSN: 1477-9560

Contact us